5.2 Fungicides

(For meaning of symbols preceding product names, see abbreviation list at the end of this publication)

Benzovindiflupyr (*Aprovia) is a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide labeled for control of diseases of pome fruit including apple scab, powdery mildew, fly speck, and apple rusts. The product is highly effective against apple scab. It’s only labeled for suppression of summer rots. *Aprovia currently has a 30-day PHI on pome fruit limiting its utility for summer diseases. *Aprovia should be applied with captan or an EBDC protectant fungicide for fungicide resistance management. A spreading/penetrating adjuvant such as an organo-silicon with either non-ionic surfactants (NIS) or vegetable based crop oils concentrates (not mineral) should be included for best performance.

Bordeaux Mixture is a mixture in water of copper sulfate (bluestone) and hydrated spray lime and is used as a spray on pears and apples for fire blight, on peaches for leaf curl, and on cherries in postharvest sprays for leaf spot. The recommended amount of each ingredient varies from one crop to another and is designated by 3 figures (e.g., Bordeaux 2-6-100). The 1st figure of the Bordeaux formula is the copper sulfate in lb, the 2nd is the spray lime in lb, and the 3rd is the water in gal. The mixture is prepared by dissolving copper sulfate snow (not fixed copper) in about 1/2 tank of water. Once the copper sulfate is completely dissolved, the spray lime is added slowly with constant agitation, and the tank is filled with water. Bordeaux mixture must be agitated vigorously to prevent settling.

    Bordeaux mixture is generally unsafe to use on fruit crops after the 1/4-inch green stage. However, pears tolerate copper, and it can be used during bloom for fire blight control provided that the disease pressure is only moderate to light. Bordeaux mixture has long residual action and gives good control of leaf spot when applied to sour cherries in a postharvest spray.

    Due to the large volume of spray lime, Bordeaux mixture has many compatibility problems. When used in combination with other pesticides, the labels of the pesticides involved should be read thoroughly.

Captan is formulated and sold as a 50% or 80% dry wettable powder, as an 80% wettable dry granular, as a liquid (4 lb AI/gal), and as dust formulations. Recent formulations may have a 24-hr re-entry: check labels.

    On apples, captan controls apple scab, black rot, white rot, Brooks fruit spot, Botryosphaeria rot, bitter rot, and blossom-end rot. In the control of apple scab, captan used at the rate of 1 lb AI/100 gal of spray gives adequate protection when applied on a 6- to 10-day schedule. Shorter intervals should be used if excessive washing of the spray residue or rapid growth of tissue occurs during a critical period for spore discharge. Captan has limited postinfection activity. Captan is not effective for control of rust diseases and powdery mildew. In wet years or orchards where sooty blotch and fly speck are consistent problems, captan should be tank mixed with Topsin M to improve control of these diseases. Captan used alone is relatively weak against fly speck.

    Captan may cause spotting, yellowing, and dropping of leaves when used at full strength early in the season on Delicious, Baldwin, and Stayman, especially when used in combination with sulfur. Captan can be combined with sulfur to control mildew on most other varieties. Combining captan with dodine or malathion may increase the injury. Captan should not be used with lime, or be applied to alkaline residues.

Warning: Captan should not be applied within 7-10 days of an oil application. Tank-mixing captan with foliar nutrients or spray adjuvants that enhance penetration (such as Regulaid) may severely damage fruit finish and cause spotting and necrosis of the foliage. The potential for fruit finish and foliar phytoxicity increases when applications made under slow drying conditions (e.g. high relative humidity, light rain, etc.) Given the potential for fruit finish and foliar damage, the prevalence of adjunvants in tank mixes, and the susceptibility of young developing tissues, captan should not be applied from petal fall to 2nd cover.

    Captan also controls brown rot on stone fruit and cherry leaf spot. Leaf injury occurs on certain sweet cherry varieties such as Emperor Francis, Schmidt, and Giant. Leaf and fruit injury is likely to occur on soft-fleshed plums if captan is used in several continuous sprays before July. On Stanley prune, a "shot-hole" type of injury to the leaves and roughening of the fruit surface may occur with the use of captan in sprays around bloom and shuck split stages. It has caused leaf injury on some varieties of peaches when sprayed on young developing leaves if the spray is preceded by extended periods of cloudy wet weather.

    Captan is also registered for use as a postharvest dip or drench of apples, pears, cherries, and peaches for the control of postharvest rots. If fruit is likely to be exported, review the acceptability and tolerance limits of captan for countries of export destination before postharvest treatments. Check maximum residues allowed online at mrldatabase.com.

Chlorothalonil (Bravo, Echo, Applause, Equus) is available in a number of different formulations. Chlorothalonil shows good activity against cherry leaf spot, peach leaf curl, brown rot blossom blight, and black knot. However, some of the generic products are not labeled for all of these diseases. Users should pay strict attention to the timing of applications because improper use of this material (after shuck split on some crops) may result in phytotoxicity and unacceptable residue levels. Chlorothalonil is a broad-spectrum fungicide that is not at risk for development of fungicide-resistance in pathogens that it controls.

Cyprodinil (Vangard) is an anilinopyrimidine or AP fungicide registered for the control of apple scab and blossom blight on stone fruits (except for sweet cherries). Because it works best at lower temperatures and does not control fruit scab, Vangard is not recommended for use beyond tight cluster. Vangard can provide 48 to 72 hr of postinfection activity against apple scab on leaves. In efficacy trials conducted in Cornell orchards, Vangard was rarely more effective against scab than mancozeb fungicides except in situations where post-infection activity played a role. However, activity may be reduced in orchards with apple scab that is resistant to the SI fungicide group.

Difenoconazole + Cyprodinil (Inspire Super) is labeled for use on for diseases of apples and pear, and has provided outstanding control of apple scab, powdery mildew, and fly speck and sooty blotch in research trials. Given the efficacy considerations mentioned above for Cyprodinil, it is important to note that a considerable portion of this fungicide premix’s efficacy likely results from the difenoconazole component. No more than 60 fl oz./A of Inspire Super can be applied to pome fruit in a single season and no more than two consecutive applications can be made before rotating to a non-frac group 3 or 9 chemistry. There is a 14 day PHI for pome fruit and a 2 day PHI for stone fruit.

    Note: Inspire Super is able to control SI resistant apple scab in varieties that have reduced susceptibility to apple scab (e.g. develop less scab than ‘McIntosh') in seasons with low disease pressure. However, this material should not be used specifically to manage SI resistant apple scab.

Difenoconazole +Fludioxonil (Academy) is a non-systemic fungicide registered for postharvest uses on pome fruits. Academy is one of two prodcuts containing fungicides in the phenylypyrrole class of chemistry and it therefore is effective against fungi that have developed resistance to benzimidazole and other fungicide groups. Academy applied after harvest is effective against, Botrytis cinerea, Botryosphaeria dothidea (White rot), Rhizopus stolonifer, Bull’s-eye rot (Neofabraea malacorticis; N. alba; N. perrenans; N. nova), and Penicillium expansum (blue mold). Academy can be applied as a dip or drench, as line spray, or mixed in fruit waxes. For fruit destined for export, check with importers to be certain that the importing country has an established tolerance (MRL) for fludioxonil before treating fruit.

Dodine (Syllit) is formulated and sold as a flowable containing 3.4 lb dodine per gallon. In apples, dodine should be applied at no more than 1.5 pt/A and should be combined with either captan (1.5-2 lbs a.i./acre) or a mancozeb fungicide (2.25 lbs a.i./acre). Syllit can provide excellent pre-symptom and antisporulant activity against dodine-sensitive strains of apple scab. However, regular use of dodine for post-infection suppression of scab will generate selection pressure for dodine-resistant scab populations and therefore is not recommended. Dodine provides excellent control of cherry leaf spot on both sweet and sour cherry, although dodine-resistant cherry leaf spot has been reported in Michigan. Dodine is not effective against brown rot on cherries or against mildew and rust diseases on apples. Dodine should be applied no more than two times per season and in apples, it may not be applied after petal fall.

Warning: Incompatibility problems have been reported for tank mixes consisting of Syllit and copper.

Fenbuconazole (Indar) is a sterol inhibitor fungicide labeled for use on stone fruits and apples. Indar has provided outstanding control of brown rot in university trials and commercial orchards, with good residual activity following the last application. Follow label directions for including a spray adjuvant when using Indar. Indar is also labeled for control of cherry leaf spot and peach scab, and provides moderate control of powdery mildew on sour cherries. For stone fruit, the PHI is up to the day of harvest and a 12-hour restricted-entry interval for worker protection. Indar has most recently been approved for use on apples. It has demonstrated outstanding control on apple scab, and is also labeled for control of powdery mildew, rusts, and fly speck and sooty blotch. For apple, there is a 14 day PHI.

    Warning: Indar may fail to control disease where the pathogen populations have become resistant to SI fungicides. 

Fenhexamid (Elevate) is labeled for control of brown rot blossom blight and fruit rot on all stone fruits. University trials in other states have shown that Elevate provides good control of blossom blight but is less effective than SI fungicides for controlling the fruit rot phase of brown rot.

Fixed Copper is a term that refers to several relatively insoluble forms of copper that are safer for fruit crops than basic copper sulfate and more convenient to use than Bordeaux mixture. The fixed copper compounds are sold under many trade names but fall into 4 basic types: copper oxychloride and copper sulfate (e.g., C-O-C-S WDG); copper oxychloride/ copper hydroxide - (Badge SC, §Badge X2), copper octanoate (e.g. Cueva), copper hydroxide (e.g., Kocide 3000-O, Champ Formula 2); complexed forms of basic copper sulfate (e.g., Cuprofix Ultra 40 Disperss). Dust preparations (e.g., C-O-C-S Copodust) are also available. All copper fungicides work by releasing free copper ions, so activity (and potential phytotoxicity) is usually related to the amount of actual metallic copper that is applied to the crop.

Fludioxonil (Scholar) is a non-systemic fungicide registered for postharvest uses on stone fruits and pome fruits. Scholar is one of two prodcuts containing fungicides in the phenylypyrrole class of chemistry and it therefore is effective against fungi that have developed resistance to benzimidazole and other fungicide groups. Scholar applied after harvest is effective against brown rot (Monilinia species), Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer, Gilbertella persicaria, and Penicillium species. Scholar can be applied as a dip or drench, as line spray, or mixed in fruit waxes. For fruit destined for export, check with importers to be certain that the importing country has an established tolerance (MRL) for fludioxonil before treating fruit (see mrldatabase.com).

Fluopyram (with Pyrimethanil -*†Luna Tranquility; with trifloxystrobin - *†Luna Sensation, with tebuconazole - *†Luna Experience) is a fungicide for use on apples against apple scab and powdery mildew and for use on stone fruit against brown rot, peach scab, rusty spot, and cherry leaf spot depending on the specific product. Depending on the product used, may be applied up to 4 times per season, but do not make more than two consecutive applications before rotating to a fungicide from a different group. Despite the fact that products have fungicides from two different groups, it is recommend to include a multi-site protectant fungicide such as mancozeb or captan.

Flutriafol (†Rhyme) is a member of the triazole group of sterol inhibitor fungicides. It is exceptionally effective against powdery mildew, cedar apple rust, and scab on apples. Fruit scab control is usually improved by tank-mixing with a contact fungicide (captan, mancozeb).

    Warning: In the western United States, there have been some reports of foliar phytotoxicity when flutriafol has been applied with that enhance penetration such as Regulaid. Moreover, fluriafol may not be effective against apple scab in many NY orchards where the pathogen has developed resistance to the SI fungicide group. The inclusion of a contact fungicide (captan, mancozeb) will help this fungicide overcome an apple scab population with practical resistance to SI fungicides. On a powerdery midew susceptible cultivar (e.g. ‘Jonagold'), this fungicide would perform well. Flutriafol also may fail to control other diseases where the pathogen populations have become resistant to SI fungicides. 

Fluxapyroxad (with pyraclostrobin - *†Merivon, alone -*†Tesaris) is a fungicide that is registered for use on both pome fruits and stone fruits. Fluxapyroxad is a succinate dehygrogenase fungicide with good activity against apple scab, fly speck, sooty blotch, brown rot, and other pre-harvest rots of stone fruits. Fluxapyroxad may be applied up to 3 times per season on stone fruits and 4 times per season on pome fruits. It has a 0-day PHI. *†Merivon provides excellent control of summer diseases on apples (i.e. black rot, white rot, bitter rot, fly speck, sooty blotch).

Fosetyl-Al (Aliette) is registered for control of Phytophthora collar rot on bearing and non-bearing apples and for control of the bacterial disease, blister spot, on bearing apples. It is also labeled for control of fire blight but this use is not recommended. Aliette should not be tank mixed with copper compounds. If applied prior to or after the application of copper, the pH of Aliette should be raised to 6.0 or above with an alkaline buffer such as Potassium Carbonate (3 lbs of Potassium Carbonate to 5 lbs of Aliette WDG) or DiAmmonium Phosphate (1:1 ratio). Mixing of Aliette WDG with surfactants, foliar fertilizers or adjuvants that enhance pesticide penetration may cause phytotoxicity.

Ipflufenoquin (Axios) is a group 52 fungicide in the phenyl-propanol chemical class that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase within de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The formulated fungicide is labeled for control of diseases of pome fruit including apple scab, powdery mildew. The product is highly effective against apple scab and podery mildew. Axios only has a seven-day PHI allowing applications during covers post-petal fall. It may not be applied more than twice in a row and no more than three times a season.

Inpyrfluxam (Excalia) is a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide labeled for control of diseases of pome fruit including apple scab, powdery mildew, and apple rusts. The product is highly effective against apple scab. Excalia currently has a PHI of petal fall on pome fruit limiting its utility for late season apple scab and powdery mildew. A spreading/penetrating adjuvant such as an organo-silicon with either non-ionic surfactants (NIS) or vegetable based crop oils concentrates (not mineral) should be included for best performance.

Iprodione (Rovral, Iprodione) is a 4 lb/gal flowable formulation. Iprodione is highly effective for control of brown rot blossom blight on stone fruits. It is especially effective at inhibiting spore production by the brown rot fungus, and therefore is particularly recommended in wet years conducive to rapid disease buildup. This material has 24- to 48-hr post-infection activity against blossom blight infections. Iprodione cannot be applied after petal fall.

Isofetamid (Kenja 400C) is a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide labeled for control of diseases of pome fruit including apple scab and pear scab. It is only labeled for suppression of powdery mildew. The product is highly effective against apple and pear scab. Kenja currently has a 20-day PHI on pome fruit. Kenja should be applied with a low rate of captan or an EBDC protectant fungicide for fungicide resistance management. Kenja is also labeled and effective against brown rot of stone fruit include sweet cherries and apricots with a 1-day PHI.

Kresoxim-methyl (*†Sovran) is a strobilurin fungicide. Like the other strobilurin fungicides (e.g., Flint), *†Sovran is an excellent protectant, and will be most reliable when used in this manner. *†Sovran has some kickback activity against apple scab, but it is not as effective in this mode as the sterol inhibitors once were. However, *†Sovran reduces spore production from the lesions that are present when the fungicide is applied. *†Sovran provides good control of powdery mildew, but it is only moderately effective against cedar apple rust and weak against quince rust. *†Sovran provides excellent control of sooty blotch and fly speck. *†Sovran provides good to very good control of black rot and fair control of bitter rot.

    Caution: \*†Sovran causes moderate to severe phytotoxicity (leaf burning) on several sweet cherry varieties. The most sensitive varieties are: Somerset, Sweetheart, Valera, Van, and Vandalay; these varieties might also be injured by spray drift containing \*†Sovran. Minor to moderate injury occurs on Cavalier, Coral Champagne, Emperor Francis, Royalton, Schmidt, Summit, and Viva; there is less danger of injury due to spray drift on these varieties. Many other sweet and sour cherry varieties (including Bing, Brooks, Cashmere, Gold, Hardy Giant, Hart-land, Hedelfingen, Hudson, Kristin, Lapins, Lambert, Montmorency, Napoleon, Nelson Black Sweet, Rainier, Royal Ann, Sam, Stark Crimson, Stella, Sue, Tehranivee, Tulare, Ulster, Vega, Vic, Viscount, and Windsor) showed no injury when sprayed directly with high labeled rates. The \*†Sovran manufacturer recommends: (i) Do not apply \*†Sovran near or allow drift onto cherries in the highly sensitive group (Somerset, etc.); and (ii) thoroughly rinse spray equipment (tanks, hoses, nozzles) after spraying \*†Sovran and before using this equipment on sensitive cherry varieties.

Warning: *†Sovran may fail to control disease where the pathogen populations have become resistant to QoI fungicides.

Mancozeb (Dithane, Manzate, *Penncozeb) is formulated for use on apples and pears as a 4 lb/gal liquid, a 75% active dry flowable and as an 80% active wettable powder. It is a broad spectrum protectant fungicide with good residual properties, providing excellent control of apple and pear scab, rust diseases, summer diseases (sooty blotch, fly speck, and bitter rot), and Fabraea leaf spot. Label allows low-rate uses up to 77 days before harvest, whereas high rate applications are not allowed after bloom.

Maneb (Maneb, Manex) is a broad-spectrum protectant with activity against apple scab, rusts, fly speck and sooty blotch. The label recommends two treatment schedules and they are not to be combined or integrated. The pre-bloom schedule allows applications to begin at green tip and continue through bloom. The extended application or tank-mix schedule allows applications to begin at green tip and continue through the second cover spray or until 77 days before harvest.

Mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold) is a systemic fungicide highly specific in its activity against a particular group of fungi. Important tree fruit crop diseases caused by these fungi are limited to root and crown rots caused by species of Pythium and Phytophthora.

    The 4SL formulation of Ridomil Gold is labeled for use on bearing apple and stone fruit trees for the control of Phytophthora root and crown rots (collar rot). Although Ridomil is highly effective for preventing crown rot infections, it is usually ineffective for curing trees that are declining from this disease.

Mefentrifluconazole (*Cevya) is a sterol inhibitor fungicide labeled for use in pome and stone fruits, as well as grapes and tree nuts. In pome, *Cevya provides control of apple scab, powdery mildew, cedar apple rust, and a handful of minor fungal diseases. In stone fruit, *Cevya manages brown rot and blossom blight.

    Note: A recent registration change in NY now allows use of \*Cevya on Long Island. Users there must be sure to have product without the probhition listed on the label. 

Metconazole (Quash) is a sterol inhibitor fungicide labeled for control of brown rot on apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches, and plums. It is also labeled for cherry leaf spot, powdery mildew, and peach scab. Quash has a 14-day PHI and a 12-hour restricted-entry interval for worker protection.

    Warning: Quash may fail to control disease where the pathogen populations have become resistant to SI fungicides.

Metiram (Polyram) is formulated as an 80% active dry flowable labeled for use on apples but not pears. It is an ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide similar to mancozeb in chemistry and activity. Label changes effective in 1992 impose use limits similar to those for mancozeb.

Metrafenone (Vivando) is fairly unique fungicide chemistry with activity against powdery mildew in fruit including apple and pear. Vivando provides excellent control of apple powdery mildew, but needs to be mixed with another fungicide to manage the other concurrent diseases of apple.

Warning: Crop response has been reported on ‘Macoun’, ‘Baldwin’, and ‘SnowSweet’.

Myclobutanil (Rally) is a member of the triazole group of sterol inhibitor fungicides. It is very active against powdery mildew, cedar apple rust, and scab on apples. Like the other sterol inhibitors, Rally is particularly active against apple scab in the kickback and presymptom modes. Fruit scab control is usually improved by tank-mixing with a contact fungicide (captan, mancozeb). It is also registered and very effective for control of brown rot blossom blight and powdery mildew on some stone fruits (cherries, peaches, and nectarines), and for control of cherry leaf spot. It is neither registered nor effective for control of fruit brown rot.

    Warning: Rally is no longer effective against apple scab in many NY orchards where the pathogen has developed resistance to the SI fungicide group. The inclusion of a contact fungicide (captan, mancozeb) will help this fungicide over come an apple scab population with practical resistance to SI fungicides. On a powerdery midew susceptible cultivar (e.g. ‘Jonagold'), this fungicide would perform well. Rally may fail to control other diseases where the pathogen populations have become resistant to SI fungicides. 

Penthiopyrad (*†Fontelis) is a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide labeled for control of various diseases of stone fruit including apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches, and plums. It is also labeled for apple scab, powdery mildew, and cedar apple rust, on apple and pear. *†Fontelis has a 0-day PHI on stone fruit and a 28 day PHI on pome fruit.There have been reports of phytotoxicity with tank mixes of *†Fontelis and captan applied from petal fall to 2nd cover. Hence, tank mixes of *†Fontelis and captan should not be applied during this timeframe (see captan section).

Propiconazole (Tilt) is a sterol inhibitor fungicide labeled for control of brown rot on apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches, and plums. (See label warning about late-season use on Stanley plums.) It is also labeled for cherry leaf spot. Tilt has a 0-day PHI and a 24-hour restricted-entry interval for worker protection.

    Warning: Tilt may fail to control disease where the pathogen populations have become resistant to SI fungicides. 

Pydiflumetofen (*Miravis) is a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide labeled for control of diseases of pome fruit including apple scab, powdery mildew, fly speck, and apple rusts. The product is highly effective against apple scab and good choice for powdery mildew. It’s only labeled for suppression of summer rots. *Miravis currently has a 30-day PHI on pome fruit further limiting its utility for summer diseases. *Miravis should be applied with a low rate of captan or an EBDC protectant fungicide for fungicide resistance management. *Miravis is also labeled and effective against several diseases of stone fruit including brown rot, powdery mildew (rusty spot), and peach scab.

Pyraclostrobin (with boscalid - Pristine) is a fungicide that is registered for use on both pome fruits and stone fruits. Pyraclostrobin is in the strobilurin fungicide group with activity similar to that of Flint and *†Sovran whereas boscolid is a carboximide fungicide with good activity against Botrytis diseases and brown rot. Pristine controls a broad range of diseases including brown rot, peach scab, powdery mildew, cherry leaf spot, black rot, white rot, bitter rot, fly speck, sooty blotch, and fruit decays caused by Botrytis and Penicillium. It may be applied up to 5 times per season on stone fruits and 4 times per season on pome fruits. It has a 0-day PHI. Pristine may prove useful for managing SI fungicide resistance in brown rot and cherry leaf spot if used in alternations with SI fungicides. Pristine provides excellent control of summer diseases on apples.

Pyrimethanil (Penbotec) is an anilinopyrimidine fungicide (same class as Vangard) that is registered as Penbotec for postharvest use on pome fruits. Penbotec is very effective for controlling postharvest decays caused by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea. It can be applied as a dip or drench, as line spray, or mixed in fruit waxes.

Quinoxyfen (Quintec) is a fungicide that inhbits signal transduction mechanisms in powdery mildew fungi. It is labeled for grapes, strawberries, hops, cherries, and stone fruits for control of powdery mildew. It provides protectant activity, but no post-infection activity. It does have vapor redistribution and re-adsorption into adjacent plant tissues. Quintec has a 7-day PHI and a 12-hour restricted-entry interval for worker protection.

Sulfur. The most commonly used and acceptable form of sulfur is the wettable form. Wettable sulfurs are finely divided elemental sulfur particles with a wetting agent added so that the sulfur can be mixed with water and remain in suspension while being applied. The wettable sulfurs are most readily available as dry, wettable powder containing 90% sulfur, and as fused bentonite sulfur containing 30% or 81% sulfur, depending on the brand used. Against apple scab, the sulfur products are effective in a protective schedule only.

    Dry wettable sulfur is used at a rate of 5 lb AI/100 gal in early-season sprays in a protective program. It can be used through bloom without substantially reducing set. Fruit russeting and reduction in yield may result if it is used under high-temperature conditions such as those that occur during postbloom sprays. Use caution when applying sulfur following an oil application. Consider waiting 14 days, unless the label states otherwise, after an oil application before using sulfur. There have been documented occurrences of injury to apples when sulfur was applied with 14 days after an oil application.

    Sulfur is effective against powdery mildew of apple when used at 2 to 3 lb AI/100 gal from half-inch green to 2nd cover or when temperatures exceed 85F. It is also somewhat effective against cherry mildew. Sulfur is used on stone fruits to control brown rot, but is not as effective as captan or the newer brown rot fungicides. It is moderately effective against cherry leaf spot, but not effective against Rhizopus rot.

    Flowable sulfur products are also available. They have the advantage over wettable sulfur in that they are effective at lower rates and have better retention capabilities. 

Thiabendazole (Mertect 340-F, Shield-Brite TBZ) is registered as a flowable formulation for control of storage rots of apples and pears. Thiabendazole (TBZ) is active against Penicillium and Botrytis (blue mold and gray mold), but will not control rots caused by Alternaria and Rhizopus. Dip, drench, or spray the harvested fruit with a suspension of 16 fl oz of the flowable formulation in 100 gal of water. TBZ is compatible with DPA, but not with ethoxyquin. Strains of fungi resistant to TBZ are present in most apple storages and may compromise the performance of this fungicide. Combinations with captan can improve activity against TBZ-resistant strains of Penicillium.

Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M, T-methyl) is formulated as a 70% or 85% wettable and a 4.5-lb/gal flowable and is registered for control of diseases of stone fruits, apples, and pears. Topsin M is a benzimidazole fungicide in the same chemical group as benomyl and thiabendazole. Many fruit pathogens have developed resistance to benzimidazole fungicides, but Topsin M is still effective for controlling fly speck, sooty blotch, black rot, and white rot on apples in most NY orchards. Do not tank mix thiophanate-methyl with copper-containing materials or with highly alkaline pesticides such as Bordeaux mixture or lime sulfur. The maximum annual use-rates listed on the labels limit the number of applications can be used to control summer diseases on apples.

Trifloxystrobin (Flint, Gem, Flint Extra) is a strobilurin fungicide. Like *†Sovran, Flint is an excellent protectant and should be used in this manner. Flint provides good control of apple scab and powdery mildew but is only moderately effective against cedar apple rust and is weak against quince rust. Flint also provides excellent control of sooty blotch and fly speck and good control of black rot bitter rot. Gem is the formulation registered for control of stone fruit diseases such as cherry leaf spot, scab, and mildew on stone fruits.

Warning: Flint may fail to control disease where the pathogen populations have become resistant to QoI fungicides.

Triflumizole (*Procure) is a sterol inhibitor fungicide with activities, strengths, and weaknesses similar to those of Rally. *Procure provides very good to excellent control of apple scab, powdery mildew and cedar apple rust. It is labeled for control of scab and mildew on pears and for brown rot, mildew, and leaf spot control on sweet and tart cherries.

    Warning: \*Procure is no longer effective against apple scab in many NY orchards because the pathogen has developed resistance to the SI fungicide group. \*Procure may fail to control other disease where the pathogen populations have become resistant to SI fungicides. 

Ziram (Ziram) is a contact carbamate fungicide in the same chemical family as ferbam and thiram, but it is not an EBDC fungicide. It is used most effectively as a summer cover spray for apples, where it provides good control of sooty blotch and fly speck, but only marginal control of rots (black, white, and bitter). It is not as effective against scab as either captan or the EBDC fungicides, but will provide acceptable control of secondary scab under low to moderate pressure. It is compatible with oil. Ziram is also labeled for control of scab and Fabraea leaf spot on pears. It has a 14-day PHI on both crops, and a 48-hour restricted-entry interval.